Background: The inactivated whole-virion vaccine, CoronaVac, is one of the most widely used coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines worldwide. There is a paucity of data indicating the durability of the…

BackgroundThroughout the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, several vaccines have been rolled out and distinct variants with different severity and immune profiles emerged in England. Using data from enhanced surveillance of COVID-19 in…

Severe cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection are characterised by an imbalanced immune response, excessive inflammation, and the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome, which can lead to multiorgan failure and death.…

BackgroundT cell immunity is key for the control of viral infections including SARS-CoV-2, in particular with regard to immune memory and protection against arising genetic variants.

MethodWe recently evaluated a…

B lymphocytes play a vital role in the human defense against viral infections by producing specific antibodies. They are also critical for the prevention of infectious diseases by vaccination, and…

We aimed to analyze the kinetics of T-cell-mediated and B-cell-mediated humoral immune responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) before and after booster vaccination, as well as the…

Currently approved vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have focused solely on the spike protein to provide immunity. The first vaccines were developed rapidly using spike mRNA…

SARS-CoV-2 vaccine protection has encountered waning of immune response and breakthrough infections. The hybrid immune response generated by the combination of vaccination and infection was shown to offer higher and…

Continuous evaluation of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine effectiveness in hemodialysis (HD) patients is critical in this immunocompromised patient group with higher mortality rates due to severe acute respiratory…

The adaptive immunity against SARS-CoV-2 prototype strain and Omicron sublineages induced by BA.1 breakthrough infection in vaccinees of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines have not been well characterized. Here, we report that…

BACKGROUND: The long-term humoral immune response after vaccination varies between vaccines and is dependent on the accuracy of the antibody test. A better understanding of the vaccine immune response may…

Immunocompromised hematology patients are vulnerable to severe COVID-19 and respond poorly to vaccination. Relative deficits in immunity are, however, unclear, especially after 3 vaccine doses. We evaluated immune responses in…

BACKGROUND: A well-coordinated adaptive immune response is crucial for limiting COVID-19 disease. Some individuals with immunodeficiency are at a high risk of developing severe COVID-19. Therefore, the development of standardized…

BACKGROUND: Immune changes that occur during pregnancy may place pregnant women at an increased risk for severe disease following viral infections like SARS-CoV-2. Whether these immunologic changes modify the immune…

B-cell depleting therapies result in diminished humoral immunity following vaccination against COVID-19, but our understanding on the impact on cellular immune responses is limited. Here, we performed a detailed analysis…

BACKGROUND: Immune responses to COVID-19 mRNA vaccines have not been well characterized in frail older adults. We postulated that frailty is associated with impaired antibody and cellular mRNA vaccine responses.…

We identified 14 immune-related differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) between COVID-19 patients and normal controls and the receiver operator characteristic curve results showed that they could be used to discriminate COVID-19…

BACKGROUND: The impaired immune response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) leads to an urgent need for adapted immunization strategies. METHODS: Sixty-nine KTRs without seroconversion…

In 2019, the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, caused a worldwide pandemic, affecting more than 630 million individuals and causing 6.5 million deaths. In the general population, poorer outcomes have been associated…

INTRODUCTION: SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to a life-threatening acute metabolic decompensation in children with inborn errors of metabolism (IEM), so vaccination is mandatory. However, IEMs can also impair innate or…

BACKGROUND: In response to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, Project HOPE®, an international humanitarian organization, partnered with Brown University to develop and deploy a virtual training-of-trainers (TOT) program to provide…

Patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases with a previous infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus have exaggerated responses to a single dose of COVID-19 vaccination as compared to fully vaccinated infection naive…

A fourth dose of a COVID-19 vaccine has been recommended by a number of authorities due to waning immunity over time and the emergence of immune-escaping variants. Here, we evaluated…

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants poses continuous challenges in combating the virus. Here, we describe vaccination strategies to broaden SARS-CoV-2 and sarbecovirus immunity by…

Multiple severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exposures, from infection or vaccination, can potently boost spike antibody responses. Less is known about the impact of repeated exposures on T…

We develop a lattice-based, hybrid discrete-continuum modeling framework for SARS-CoV-2 exposure and infection in the human lung alveolar region, or parenchyma, the massive surface area for gas exchange. COVID-19 pneumonia…

Seroprevalence studies can contribute to a better assessment of the actual incidence of infection. Since long-term data for Germany are lacking, we determined the seroprevalence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies…

Around the world, rollout of COVID-19 vaccines has been used as a strategy to end COVID-19-related restrictions and the pandemic. Several COVID-19 vaccine platforms have successfully protected against severe SARS-CoV-2…

The nasal mucosa is an important initial site of host defense against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. However, intramuscularly administered vaccines typically do not achieve high antibody…

Despite effective vaccination programs, waning immunity in the vaccinated populations and the emergence of variants of concern posed a risk of breakthrough infections. A booster dose was demonstrated to provide…

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine induces both antibody and T-cell immune responses and has been proven to be effective in preventing coronavirus disease 2019, including its severe disease form,…

Most vaccines against viral pathogens protect through the acquisition of immunological memory from long-lived plasma cells that produce antibodies and memory B cells that can rapidly respond upon an encounter…

The emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants led to the recommendation of booster vaccinations after Ad26.COV2.S priming. It was previously shown that heterologous booster vaccination induces high antibody levels, but how…

OBJECTIVES: Nursing home (NH) residents have been significantly affected by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Studies addressing the immune responses induced by COVID-19 vaccines in NH residents have documented…

This era of emerging variants needs a thorough evaluation of data on the long-term efficacy of immune responses in vaccinated as well as recovered individuals, to understand the overall evolution…

Waning immunity to vaccination represents a major challenge in vaccinology. Whether booster vaccination improves the durability of immune responses is unknown. Here we show, using a cohort of 55 adult…

IMPORTANCE: Knowledge of the longevity and breath of immune response to coronavirus infection is crucial for the development of next-generation vaccines to control the COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVES: To determine the…

With the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the emergence of various SARS-CoV-2 variants, a comprehensive evaluation of long-term efficacy of antibody response in convalescent individuals is urgently needed. Several longitudinal studies…

ObjectivesSeveral countries have authorized a booster vaccine campaign to combat the spread of COVID-19. Data on persistence of booster vaccine-induced immunity against new Omicron subvariants are still limited. Therefore, our…

Natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 induces a robust circulating memory B cell (Bmem) population, which remains stable in number at least 8 months post-infection despite the contraction of antibody levels after…

Measurement of strength and durability of SARS-COV-2 antibody response is important to understand the waning dynamics of immune response to both vaccines and infection. The study aimed to evaluate the…

A detailed understanding of protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 is incredibly important in fighting the pandemic. Central to protective immunity is the ability of the immune system to recall previous exposures.…

The immune evasion of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants caused by multiple amino acid replacements in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike protein wanes the effectiveness of antibodies elicited by current SARS-CoV-2…

Although vaccination efforts have expanded, there are still gaps in our understanding surrounding the immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Measuring IgG Fc glycosylation provides insight into an infected individual's inflammatory state,…

BACKGROUND: The COVIH-study is a prospective SARS-CoV-2 vaccination study in 1154 people with HIV (PWH), of whom 14% showed a reduced or absent antibody response after primary vaccination. We evaluated…

As long as the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues, new variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) with altered antigenicity will emerge. The development of vaccines that elicit robust,…

BACKGROUND: Uncertainties remain regarding the nature and durability of the humoral immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). AIM: This study investigated immunoglobulin G response and neutralizing activity…

Immune responses to COVID-19 infection and vaccination are individual and varied. There is a need to understand the timeline of vaccination efficacy against current and yet to be discovered viral…

PurposeLong-term humoral immunity to COVID-19 is not well understood owing to the continuous emergence of new variants of concern, the evolving vaccine- and infection-induced immunity, and the limited follow-up of…

Against the background of the current COVID-19 infection dynamics with its rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC), the immunity and the vaccine prevention of healthcare workers (HCWs) against…

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has quickly become a global pandemic. Most multiple sclerosis (MS) patients use disease-modifying treatments (DMTs), such as…

BACKGROUND: For some vaccine-preventable diseases, the immunologic response to vaccination is altered by the pregnant state. The effect of pregnancy on SARS-CoV-2 vaccine response remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: We sought to…

INTRODUCTION: Heart transplant (HT) recipients have a high risk of developing severe COVID-19. Immunoglobulin G antibodies are considered to provide protective immunity and T-cell activity is thought to confer protection…

Vaccines have been considered the most promising solution for ending the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Information regarding neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and T-cell immune response in inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-immunized COVID-19…

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is a global threat. To forestall the pandemic, developing safe and effective vaccines is…

Background: The great majority of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections are mild and uncomplicated, but some individuals with initially mild COVID-19 progressively develop more severe symptoms. Furthermore,…

Secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) plays a crucial role in mucosal immunity for preventing the invasion of exogenous antigens; however, little is understood about the neutralizing activity of serum IgA. Here,…

Kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) are at a much higher risk of complications and death following COVID-19 and are poor vaccine responders. The data are limited on the immune response to…

BACKGROUNDIn a number of patients, post-acute COVID syndrome develops after acute infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (Long COVID [LC]). Here, we examined the immune responses and…

Persistent chemosensory dysfunction (PCD) is a common symptom of long-COVID. Chemosensory dysfunction (CD) as well as SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels and CD8+ T-cell immunity were investigated in a cohort of 44…

This proof-of-concept study tested if prior BCG revaccination can qualitatively and quantitively enhance antibody and T-cell responses induced by Oxford/AstraZeneca ChAdOx1nCoV-19 or COVISHIELD™, an efficacious and the most widely distributed…

Neutralizing antibody level is used to predict immune protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is a major target for virus-neutralizing antibody. A number of neutralizing epitopes were mapped…

There is evidence that vaccination against seasonal influenza can improve innate immune responses to COVID-19 and decrease disease severity. However, less is known about whether it could also impact the…

Beyond the unpredictable acute illness caused by SARS-CoV-2, one-fifth of infections unpredictably result in long-term persistence of symptoms despite the apparent clearance of infection. Insights into the mechanisms that underlie…

People living with HIV-1 (PLWH) exhibit more rapid antibody decline following routine immunization and elevated baseline chronic inflammation than people without HIV-1 (PWOH), indicating potential for diminished humoral immunity during…

In this study involving a cohort of employees of the National Airline company in Lebanon, we assessed humoral immunity levels and the effectiveness of two COVID-19 vaccines, Gam-COVID-Vac versus BNT162b2,…

BackgroundMore people with a history of prior infection are receiving SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Understanding the magnitude of protectivity granted by hybrid immunity, the combined response of infection- and vaccine-induced immunity, may…

The comprehensive knowledge regarding the immune response during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination is limited. The aim of this study was to longitudinally investigate not only the dynamic changes of…

BACKGROUND: Heterogeneity of the population in relation to infection, COVID-19 vaccination, and host characteristics is likely reflected in the underlying SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses. METHODS: We measured IgM, IgA, and IgG…

Background: Patients with inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are at increased risk for severe courses of SARS-CoV-2 infection. COVID-19 vaccination provides effective protection in healthy individuals. However, it remains unclear…

The humoral immune response, a key arm of adaptive immunity, consists of B cells and their products. Upon infection or vaccination, B cells undergo a Darwinian evolutionary process in germinal…

The immune response and specific antibody production in COVID-19 are among the key factors that determine both prognostics for individual patients and the global perspective for controlling the pandemics. So…

BACKGROUND: The humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 can provide immunity and prevent reinfection. However, less is known about how the diversity, magnitude, and length of the antibody response after a primary…

Two doses of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine induces a strong systemic SARS-CoV-2 specific humoral response. However, SARS-CoV-2 airborne transmission makes mucosal immune response a crucial first line of defense. Therefore, we…

The SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the coronavirus family, which also includes common endemic coronaviruses (HCoVs). We hypothesized that immunity to HCoVs would be associated with stronger immunogenicity from SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. The…

As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, countries around the world are switching toward vaccinations and boosters to combat the pandemic. However, waning immunity against SARS-CoV-2 wild-type (WT) and variants have been…

The accurate measurement of serological response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is needed to correlate responses with effective protective immunity. The World Health Organization (WHO) has created an international standard to allow…

The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has rapidly replaced the Delta variant of concern. This new variant harbors worrisome mutations on the spike protein, which are able to escape the immunity elicited…

The spike (S) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the main target for neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). The S protein trimer is anchored in the virion membrane…

Individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) belong to the group of people most vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infections and the associated disease COVID-19. Here we describe SARS-CoV-2-specific…

Confronted with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants, such as Delta and Omicron, with high infectivity and immune evasion capacity, vaccination remains the most effective tool to prevent…

Background: Measuring anti-viral antibody affinity in blood plasma or serum is a rational quantitative approach to assess humoral immune response and acquired protection. Three common vaccines against SARS-CoV-2-Comirnaty developed by…

Despite the robust immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines, emerging data have revealed enhanced neutralizing antibody and T cell cross-reactivity among individuals that previously experienced COVID-19, pointing to a hybrid immune…

Infection is the second leading cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Adequate humoral (antibody) and cellular (T cell-driven) immunity are required to minimize pathogen entry and…

BACKGROUND: The durability of SARS-CoV-2 antibody response and the resulting immunity to COVID-19 is unclear. OBJECTIVES: To investigate long-term humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2. METHODS: In this nationwide, longitudinal study, we…

The Omicron variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has raised concerns regarding vaccine effectiveness. We investigated humoral and cellular immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare workers before…

The fight against infectious diseases calls for the development of safe and effective vaccines that generate long-lasting protective immunity. In a few situations, vaccine-mediated immune responses may have led to…

BACKGROUND: High efficacy in terms of protection from severe COVID-19 has been demonstrated for several SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. However, patients with compromised immune status develop a weaker and less stable immune…

Immunocompromised individuals, including multiple sclerosis (MS) patients on certain immunotherapy treatments, are considered susceptible to complications from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and specific vaccination regimens have…

The durability of vaccine-mediated immunity to SARS-CoV-2, the durations to breakthrough infection, and the optimal timings of booster vaccination are crucial knowledge for pandemic response. Here, we applied comparative evolutionary…

Due to fast transmission and various circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants, a significant increase of coronavirus 2019 infection cases with acute respiratory symptoms has prompted worries about the efficiency of current vaccines.…

Joining a function-enhanced Fc-portion of human IgG to the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor ACE2 produces an antiviral decoy with strain transcending virus neutralizing activity. SARS-CoV-2 neutralization and Fc-effector functions of ACE2-Fc…

Mucosal surfaces are the first contact sites of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Most SARS-CoV-2 vaccines induce specific IgG responses but provide limited mucosal immunity. Cytokine B-cell…

Previous COVID-19 vaccine efficacy (VE) studies have estimated neutralizing and binding antibody concentrations that correlate with protection from symptomatic infection; how these estimates compare to those generated in response to…

As severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to evolve, several variants of concern (VOCs) have arisen which are defined by multiple mutations in their spike proteins. These VOCs…

BACKGROUND: Assessing immune responses after vaccination is part of the evaluation package of vaccine effectiveness in the real world. Regarding SARS-CoV-2, neutralizing antibody levels has been shown to be a…

As severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to evolve, several variants of concern (VOCs) have arisen which are defined by multiple mutations in their spike proteins. These VOCs…

Our understanding of the immune responses that follow SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination has progressed considerably since the COVID-19 pandemic was first declared on the 11th of March in 2020. Recovery…

Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are highly effective at inducing protective immunity. However, weak antibody responses are seen in some individuals, and cellular…

Robust population-wide immunity will help to curb the SARS-CoV-2 pandemics. To maintain the immunity at protective levels, the quality and persistence of the immune response elicited by infection or vaccination…

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been raging all around the world since the beginning of 2020, and leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with strong cytokine storm which contributes…

SARS-CoV-2 vaccines BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and Ad26.COV2.S received emergency use authorization by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2020/2021. Individuals being vaccinated were invited to participate in a prospective longitudinal…

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in 2019 and has resulted in millions of deaths worldwide. Certain populations are at higher risk for infection, especially staff and residents…

Cancer patients (CPs) have been identified as particularly vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and therefore are a priority group for receiving COVID-19 vaccination. From the patients with advanced solid tumors, about…

Background: Since the introduction of various vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 at the end of 2020, infection rates have continued to climb worldwide. This led to the establishment of a third dose…

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the Gaucher disease (GD) exhibit lot of resemblances in induction of innate and adaptive immune inflammation that include the immune cells activation and the massive…

Two years after the appearance of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the causal agent of the current global pandemic, it is time to analyze the evolution of the immune protection that infection…

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS Coronavirus 2 (CoV2) is associated with massive immune activation and hyperinflammatory response. Acute and severe CoV2 infection is characterized by the expansion of…

Immunological memory is the basis of protective immunity provided by vaccines and previous infections. Immunological memory can develop from multiple branches of the adaptive immune system, including CD4 T cells,…

Vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ameliorate infection and adverse outcomes from SARS-CoV-2. Elicitation of high affinity and durable protective antibody responses is a hallmark of a…

Although the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic is still ongoing, vaccination rates are rising slowly and related treatments and drugs are being developed. At the same time, there is increasing…

Background: IgG anti-spike (S) antibodies arise after SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as vaccination. Levels of IgG anti-S are linked to neutralizing antibody titers and protection against (re)infection. Methods: We measured…

BACKGROUND: Passive immunization against SARS-CoV-2 limits viral burden and death from COVID-19; however, it poses a theoretical risk of disease exacerbation through antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). ADE after anti-SARS-CoV2 antibody treatment…

The field of immunometabolism investigates and describes the effects of metabolic rewiring in immune cells throughout activation and the fates of these cells. Recently, it has been appreciated that immunometabolism…

As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic evolves and vaccine rollout progresses, the availability and demand for monoclonal antibodies for the prevention and treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus…

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 emerged in China in 2019 and has since travelled the world infecting millions. SARS-CoV-2 causes Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19), that has to date taken…

Background: Safe and effective vaccines against COVID-19 are critical for preventing the spread of SARS-CoV-2, but little is known about the humoral immune response more than 9 months after vaccination.…

COVID-19 vaccine clinical development was conducted with unprecedented speed. Immunity measurements were concentrated on the antibody response which left significant gaps in our understanding how robust and long-lasting immune protection…

BACKGROUND: The SARS-CoV-2 virus has mutated and evolved since the inception of the COVID-19 pandemic bringing into question the future effectiveness of current vaccines and antibody therapeutics. With evolution of…

The study aimed to establish the performance of the SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Antibody Test (IgG and IgM) and the Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S assay in vaccinated individuals. A panel of serum samples…

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic prompted a global vaccination effort and the development of numerous COVID-19 vaccines at an unprecedented scale and pace. As a result, current COVID- 19 vaccination regimens comprise…

Patients with hematological malignancies are prioritized for COVID-19 vaccine due to their high risk for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection related disease and mortality. To understand T cell immunity, its long-term persistence,…

We have investigated six COVID recovered cases with two doses of Covishield vaccination followed by reinfection. The primary SARS-CoV-2 infection found to occur with B.1 and reinfection with Omicron BA.1…

1.BackgroundWaning of protection against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants by pre-existing antibodies elicited due to current vaccination or natural infection is a global concern. Whether this is due to waning of immunity…

BackgroundAgainst the background of the current COVID-19 infection dynamics with the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC), above all the Omicron VOC, the immunity of healthcare workers (HCWs)…

Although successful COVID-19 vaccines have been developed, multiple pathogenic coronavirus species exist, urging for development of multi-species coronavirus vaccines. Here we developed prototype LNP-mRNA vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2 (Delta variant),…

Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been associated with cytokine storms and hyperinflammation. In a recent study, Junqueira et al. provide evidence that antibody-mediated uptake of severe acute respiratory syndrome…

Since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, humans have been exposed to distinct SARS-CoV-2 antigens, either by infection with different variants, and/or vaccination. Population immunity is thus highly heterogeneous, but the impact…

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To review the mechanisms by which vitamin D and its metabolites regulate the immune system to facilitate the ability of the body to prevent and/or treat SARS-CoV2…

Stress granules (SGs) are cytoplasmic condensates that often form as part of the cellular antiviral response. Despite the growing interest in understanding the interplay between SGs and other biological condensates…

The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages BA.2.12.1, BA.2.13, BA.4 and BA.5 all contain L452 mutations and show potential higher transmissibility over BA.21. The new variants receptor binding and immune evasion…

BackgroundSolid organ transplant recipients have attenuated immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. In this study, we report on immune responses to 3rd- (V3) and 4th- (V4) doses of heterologous and homologous…

Despite the obvious knowledge that infectious particles can be shared through respiration, whether other constituents of the nasal/oral fluids can be passed between hosts has surprisingly never even been postulated,…

Background: SARS-CoV2 infection in patients with comorbidities, particularly T2DM, has been a major challenge globally and has been shown to be associated with high morbidity and mortality. Here, we did…

The immune response is known to wane after vaccination with BNT162b2, but the role of age, morbidity and body composition is not well understood. We conducted a cross-sectional study in…

Patients suffering from coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) are at high risk for deadly secondary fungal infections such as COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) and COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM). Despite this clinical observation, direct…

SARS-CoV-2 is a highly contagious respiratory virus and the causative agent for COVID-19. The severity of disease varies from mildly symptomatic to lethal and shows an extraordinary correlation with increasing…

The global emergence of novel coronavirus disease and its rapid global expansion over a short span of time require effective countermeasures to combat it. Development of a specific vaccine can…

ImportanceIn patients with hematologic malignancies, the immunogenicity of the standard 2-dose mRNA-1273 coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) vaccination schedule is often insufficient due to underlying disease and current or recent therapy.

Healthcare workers are at substantially increased risk for infection with SARS-CoV-2. Successful vaccination constitutes a crucial prerequisite to protect this group during the pandemic. Since post vaccination antibody monitoring is…

It is unknown how long the immunity following COVID-19 vaccination lasts. The current systematic review provides a perspective on the persistence of various antibodies for available vaccines.Both the BNT162b2 and…

The rapid spread of the vaccine-resistant Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 presents a renewed threat to both unvaccinated and fully vaccinated individuals, and accelerated booster vaccination campaigns are underway to mitigate…

Immune modulation, being one of the potential strategies to combat COVID-19 infection, emphasis has been laid on enhancing the innate immune response in a balanced manner. Beta (β)-glucans have been…

Pathogenic infections cause thymic atrophy, perturb thymic-T cell development and alter immunological response. Previous studies reported dysregulated T cell function and lymphopenia in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) patients. However, immune-pathological changes,…

BackgroundThe influence of pre-existing humoral immunity, inter-individual demographic factors, and vaccine-associated reactogenicity on immunogenicity following COVID vaccination remains poorly understood.

MethodsTen-fold cross-validated least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and…

SARS-CoV-2 emerged in 2019 and has resulted in millions of deaths worldwide. Certain populations are at higher risk for infection, especially staff and residents at long term care facilities (LTCF),…

The fear of SARS-CoV-2 infection is due to its high mortality related to seasonal flu. To date, few medicines have been developed to significantly reduce the mortality of the severe…

The SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) causes Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19), is an emerging viral infection. SARS CoV-2 infects target cells by attaching to Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE2). SARS CoV-2 could cause…

Starting from December 2020, vaccination against COVID-19 became available in Romania. There are a lot of uncertainties regarding the kinetics of immunity and its persistance over time. This is a…

Multiple COVID-19 vaccines, representing diverse vaccine platforms, successfully protect against symptomatic COVID-19 cases and deaths. Head-to-head comparisons of T cell, B cell, and antibody responses to diverse vaccines in humans…

The impact of SARS-CoV2 vaccination in cancer patients remains incompletely understood given the heterogeneity of cancer and cancer therapies. We assessed vaccine-induced antibody response to the SARS-CoV2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant…

COVID-19 is being extensively studied, and much remains unknown regarding the long-term consequences of the disease on immune cells. The different arms of the immune system are interlinked, with humoral…

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS- CoV-2) with an estimated fatality rate of less than 1%. The SARS-CoV-2 accessory proteins ORF3a,…

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to a worldwide Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Despite high efficacy of the authorized vaccines, protection against the surging variants of…

Exposure histories to SARS-CoV-2 variants and vaccinations will shape the specificity of antibody responses. To understand the specificity of Delta-elicited antibody immunity, we characterize the polyclonal antibody response elicited by…

BackgroundUncertainties remain about the benefit of a 3rd COVID-19 vaccine for people with attenuated response to earlier vaccines. This is of particular relevance for people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) treated…

BackgroundSince the introduction of various vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 at the end of 2020, rates of infection have continued to climb worldwide. This led to the establishment of a third dose…

The underlying factors contributing to the evolution of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell response during COVID-19 infection remain unidentified. To address this, we characterized innate and adaptive immune responses with metabolomic profiling…

BackgroundThere is a need for automated, high throughput assays to quantify immune response after vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This study assessed the combined utility of…

Morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 is increased in patients with inborn errors of immunity (IEI). Age and comorbidities and also impaired type I interferon immunity were identified as relevant risk…

Multiple severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants that have mutations associated with increased transmission and antibody escape have arisen over the course of the current pandemic. Although the…

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: New insight into altered B cell distribution including newly identified subsets and abnormalities in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) as well as their role in immune protection are…

SARS-CoV-2 is a highly pathogenic virus that evades antiviral immunity by interfering with host protein synthesis, mRNA stability, and protein trafficking. The SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural protein 1 (Nsp1) uses its C-terminal…

The global effort against the COVID-19 pandemic dictates that routine quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies is vital for assessing immunity following periodic revaccination against new viral variants. Here, we…

BACKGROUND: Contact with a pathogen is followed by variable courses of infectious disease, which are only partly explicable by classical risk factors. The susceptibility to infection is variable, as is…

Background Cancer and systemic anti-cancer treatment (SACT) have been identified as possible risk factors for infection and related severe illness associated with SARS-CoV-2 virus as a consequence of immune suppression.…

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, especially Beta and Delta, has raised concerns about the reduced protection from previous infection or vaccination based on the original Wuhan-Hu-1 (D614) virus. To identify…

Understanding the scale of the threat posed by SARS-CoV2 B.1.1.529, or Omicron , variant formed a key problem in public health in the early part of 2022. Early evidence indicated…

Understanding the scale of the threat posed by SARS-CoV2 B.1.1.529, or Omicron , variant formed a key problem in public health in the early part of 2022. Early evidence indicated…

Interleukin-mediated deep cytokine storm, an aggressive inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 virus infection in COVID-19 patients, is correlated directly with lung injury, multi-organ failure, and poor prognosis of severe COVID-19 patients.…

Current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines effectively reduce overall morbidity and mortality and are vitally important to controlling the pandemic. Individuals who previously recovered from COVID-19 have enhanced immune responses…

We have recently revealed that the SARS-CoV-2 Mu variant shows a pronounced resistance to antibodies elicited by natural SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. However, it remains unclear which mutations determine the…

The immunity potency upon natural infection or vaccination is the main concern for the vaccine strategy of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2（SARS COV-2 variant）, especially the recently reported Omicron…

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Beta variant of concern (VOC) resists neutralization by major classes of antibodies from COVID-19 patients and vaccinated individuals. In this study, serum of…

Quantification of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody response has proven to be a prominent diagnostic tool during the COVID-19 pandemic. Antibody measurements have aided in the determination of humoral protection following infection…

Activation of the innate immune system via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is key to generate lasting adaptive immunity. PRRs detect unique chemical patterns associated with invading microorganisms, but whether and…

BACKGROUND: While antibodies can provide significant protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease sequelae, the specific attributes of the humoral response that contribute to immunity are incompletely defined. METHODS: We employ…

INTRODUCTION: Coronavirus disease is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Recent breakthrough infection in vaccinated people has led some authorities to recommend a booster dose…

The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant (B.1.617.2) raises concerns about potential reduced sensitivity of the virus to antibody neutralization and subsequent vaccine breakthrough infections. Here, we use a live…

The waning efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, combined with the continued emergence of variants resistant to vaccine-induced immunity, has reignited debate over the need for booster vaccine doses. To address this,…

Human health has always been challenged by variety of viral infections, but severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has surpassed all previous viral diseases and emerged as a major…

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has profound adverse effects on the dialysis population. Patients requiring dialysis are at increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality, and many have experienced psychological distress, as…

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic continues to be a worldwide threat and effective antiviral drugs and vaccines are being developed in a joint global effort. However, some elderly and immune-compromised populations…

Background: Protection offered by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines wanes over time, requiring an evaluation of different boosting strategies to revert such a trend and enhance the quantity and quality…

Upon virus infection, CD8+ T cell accumulation is tightly controlled by simultaneous proliferation and apoptosis. However, it remains unclear how TCR signal coordinates these events to achieve expansion and effector…

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic severely impacts global public health and economies. To facilitate research on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virology and antiviral discovery, a noninfectious viral replicon…

Characterizing SARS-CoV-2 evolution in specific geographies may help predict properties of the variants that come from these regions. We mapped neutralization of a SARS-CoV-2 strain that evolved over 6 months…

BACKGROUND: Immunization against SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) occurs via natural infection or vaccination. However, it is currently unknown how long infection- or vaccination-induced immunological memory will…

Research centers around the world are competing to develop therapeutic and prophylactic agents to provide new intervention strategies that could halt or even help slow the progression of the COVID19…

BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have a crucial role in regulating immune response against infectious diseases, showing changes early in disease onset and before the detection of the pathogen. Thus, we aimed…

The durability of protective humoral immunity after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and infection is largely dependent on the generation and persistence of antigen-specific isotype-switched memory B cells (MBCs) and long-lived plasma cells…

Understanding the long-term maintenance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immunity is critical for predicting protection against reinfection. In an age- and gender-matched cohort of 24 participants, the…

More than a year after the start of the pandemic, COVID-19 remains a global health emergency. Although the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 has been extensively studied, some points remain controversial.…

COVID-19, the infectious disease caused by the beta-corona virus SARS-CoV2, has posed a global health threat causing more than five million of deaths in the last two years in the…

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages G4-G5, on dialysis or after kidney transplantation (kidney replacement therapy, KRT). SARS-CoV-2 vaccine…

In late December 2019, pneumonia cases of unknown origin were reported in Wuhan, China. This virus was named SARS-CoV2 and the clinical syndrome was named coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). South…

The severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) is spreading rapidly, even in vaccinated individuals, raising concerns about immune escape. Here, we studied neutralizing antibodies and T-cell…

Inducing durable and effective immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) via vaccination is essential to combat the current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It has been…

BACKGROUND: Mass vaccination is the key element in controlling current COVID-19 pandemic. Studies comparing immunogenicity of different COVID-19 vaccines are largely lacking. We aimed at measuring anti-S antibody (Ab) levels…

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate immune responses to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA-based vaccines present in breast milk and transfer of the immune responses to breastfeeding infants. METHODS: We enrolled 30 lactating…

The highly mutated SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant has been shown to evade a substantial fraction of neutralizing antibody responses elicited by current vaccines that encode the WA1/2020 Spike1. Cellular immune…

We discuss the suitability of innate immune stimulation in acute respiratory infection post-exposure prophylaxis. The induction of innate immunity can be used to reduce susceptibility to immune-evasive pathogens (coronavirus, influenza…

Background: Effective vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are available worldwide; however, the longevity of vaccine effectiveness is not known. Objective: We performed a prospective observational study to assess the…

Infection-neutralizing antibody responses after SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 vaccination are an essential component of antiviral immunity. Antibody-mediated protection is challenged by the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoCs) with…

The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines are used to prevent viral infection by inducing neutralizing antibody in the body, but according to the existing experience of severe acute respiratory…

Humoral vaccine responses are known to be suboptimal in patients receiving B-cell targeted therapy, and little is known about vaccine induced T-cell immunity in these patients. In this study, we…

The BNT162b2 vaccine is highly effective against COVID-19 infection and was delivered with a 3-week time interval in registration studies1. However, many countries extended this interval to accelerate population coverage…

SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces robust humoral and cellular immunity in the circulation; however, it is currently unknown whether it elicits effective immune responses in the respiratory tract, particularly against variants…

We generated an optimized COVID-19 vaccine candidate based on the modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vector expressing a full-length prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein, termed MVA-CoV2-S(3P). The S(3P) protein was…

Although accumulating data have investigated the effect of SARS-CoV-2 mutations on antibody neutralizing activity, less is known about T cell immunity. In this work, we found that the ancestral (Wuhan…

Macrophages are essential innate immune cells that contribute to host defense during infection. An important feature of macrophages is their ability to respond to extracellular cues and to adopt different…

Although accumulating data have investigated the effect of SARS-CoV-2 mutations on antibody neutralizing activity, less is known about T cell immunity. In this work, we found that the ancestral (Wuhan…

BACKGROUND: An immunodiagnostic assay that sensitively detects a cell-mediated immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is needed for epidemiological investigation and for clinical assessment of T cell-mediated immune response to vaccines, particularly…

SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) can trigger severe endemic waves and vaccine breakthrough infections (VBI). We analyzed the cellular and humoral immune response in 8 patients infected with the alpha…

As public health guidelines throughout the world have relaxed in response to vaccination campaigns against SARS-CoV-2, it is likely that SARS-CoV-2 will remain endemic, fueled by the rise of more…

Background: Innate immunity, armed with pattern recognition receptors including Toll-like receptors (TLR), is critical for immune cell activation and the connection to anti-microbial adaptive immunity. However, information regarding the impact…

As a highly pathogenic human coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 has to counteract an intricate network of antiviral host responses to establish infection and spread. The nucleic acid-induced stress response is an essential…

BackgroundAntibodies induced by COVID-19 vaccination have been shown to wane over time. Current tests for assessing virus-neutralizing antibodies are complex and time-intensive. There is a need for a simple diagnostic…

Accurate and sensitive detection of antibody to SARS-CoV-2 remains an essential component of the pandemic response. Measuring antibody that predicts neutralising activity and the vaccine response is an absolute requirement…

BACKGROUND: Following a year of development, several vaccines have been approved to contain the global COVID-19 pandemic. Real world comparative data on immune response following vaccination or natural infection are…

BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly pathogenic and contagious coronavirus that caused a global pandemic with 5.2 million fatalities. Questions concerning serological features of long-term…

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most frequent lymphoproliferative disease in the elderly of the western world. Immune defective responses and treatment can worsen the immune system's…

The pathogenesis of COVID-19 involves both humoral and cellular immunological responses, with cell-mediated immunity being discussed as the primary and most effective immune response to viral infection. It is supposed…

The emergence of the highly transmissible B.1.1.529 Omicron variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is concerning for antibody countermeasure efficacy because of the number of mutations in…

BACKGROUND: The Ad26.COV2.S vaccine, which was approved as a single-shot immunization regimen, has been shown to be effective against severe coronavirus disease 2019. However, this vaccine induces lower severe acute…

A damaging inflammatory response is implicated in the pathogenesis of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but mechanisms contributing to this response are unclear. In two prospective cohorts, early non-neutralizing, afucosylated…

SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are highly efficient against severe forms of the disease, hospitalization and death. Nevertheless, insufficient protection against several circulating viral variants might suggest waning immunity and the need for…

OBJECTIVES: To report clinical outcome, development of humoral and T-cell mediated immunity in convalescent COVID-19 people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) treated with ofatumumab in the ALITHIOS study from a single…

Purpose of Review: Solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) are ideal candidates for early treatment or prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) using anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies because of multiple underlying medical…

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in neonates (MIS-N) is hypothesised to be caused either following transplacental transfer of SARS-CoV2 antibodies or antibodies developed in the neonate after infection with SARS-CoV-2. In this…

Spike-specific antibodies are central to effective COVID19 immunity. Research efforts have focused on antibodies that neutralize the ACE2-Spike interaction but not on non-neutralizing antibodies. Antibody-dependent phagocytosis is an immune mechanism…

COVID-19 patients show heterogeneous and dynamic immune features which determine the clinical outcome. Here, we built a single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) dataset for dissecting these complicated immune responses through a…

In the fight against SARS-COV-2, the development of serological assays based on different antigenic domains represent a versatile tool to get a comprehensive picture of the immune response or differentiate…

The heterogeneous phenotypes among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has drawn worldwide attention, especially those with severe symptoms without comorbid conditions. Immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2…

SARS-CoV-2 infection of human cells is initiated by the binding of the viral Spike protein to its cell-surface receptor ACE2. We conducted a targeted CRISPRi screen to uncover druggable pathways…

BACKGROUND: Most subjects with prior COVID-19 disease manifest long-term, protective immune responses against re-infection. Accordingly, we tested the hypothesis that humoral immune and reactogenicity responses to a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine…

Vitamin D deficiency, characterized by low circulating levels of calcifediol (25-hydroxyvitamin D, 25D) has been linked to increased risk of infections of bacterial and viral origin. Innate immune cells produce…

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic. Although molecular testing remains the gold standard for COVID-19 diagnosis, serological testing…

COVID-19, a pandemic caused by SARS-CoV2 has been spread all over the world and is responsible for serious fatalities. SARS-CoV2 is included in the family of β-coronavirus that affects pulmonary…

INTRODUCTION: South America is one of the regions most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Specific and affordable treatments are needed to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection. Evidence regarding the use of convalescent…

BACKGROUND: Immune suppression is a clinical feature of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), and patients show increased vulnerability to SARS-CoV-2 infection and suboptimal antibody responses. METHOD: We studied antibody responses in…

Information concerning the longevity of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 following natural infection may have considerable implications for durability of immunity induced by vaccines. Here, we monitored the SARS-CoV-2 specific immune response…

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has seriously threatened global public health. Severe COVID-19 has been reported to be associated with an impaired…

Installing efficient protective immunity by anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is the only current means to overcome COVID-19 pandemics. The cellular and humoral immune responses induced with an mRNA (BNT162b2) or with a…

ABSTRACTOlder individuals are at higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe outcome but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. In addition, how age modulates SARS-CoV-2 re-infection and vaccine breakthrough infections…

Antibody testing for SARS-CoV-2 has been established as a tool with broad utility in the surveillance and control of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, because of limited knowledge about the duration…

OBJECTIVE: Immunosuppressive agents are known to interfere with T and/or B lymphocytes, which are required to mount an adequate serologic response. Therefore, we aim to investigate the antibody response to…

INTRODUCTION: COVID-19 infection is associated with high mortality among hemodialysis patients. Standard vaccine response is generally lower among these patients. The adequate antibody titer response and the outcome of COVID-19…

Contemporary SARS-Cov-2 pandemic, besides its dramatic global influence on the human race including health care systems, economies, and political decisions, opened a window for the global experiment with human vaccination…

BACKGROUND: Little is known on the duration of anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in patients following SARS-CoV-2 infection. AIMS: We aimed to determine the…

COVID 19 is a disease caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV2 originated in China most probably of Bat origin. Multiepitopes vaccine would be useful in eliminating SARS-CoV2 infections as asymptomatic…

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new beta coronavirus that emerged at the end of 2019 in the Hubei province of China. SARS-CoV-2 causes coronavirus disease 2019…

INTRODUCTION: The outbreak of novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), which causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is the most important current health problem. The number of patients…

BACKGROUND: There is growing evidence that antibody responses play a role in the resolution of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients with primary or secondary antibody deficiency are at increased risk of persistent…

To gain insights on the heterogeneity of immune responses to vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 and to identify factors that could make individuals vulnerable to infection due to lack of response to…

While the immunogenicity of inactivated vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been characterized in several well-conducted clinical trials, real-world evidence concerning immune responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus…

The prompt rollout of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mRNA vaccine is facilitating population immunity, which is becoming more dominant than natural infection-mediated immunity. In the midst…

Leptin is a pleiotropic adipocytokine involved in several physiologic functions, with a known role in innate and adaptive immunity as well as in tissue homeostasis. Long- and short-isoforms of leptin…

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a historic pandemic of respiratory disease (coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]), and current evidence suggests that severe disease is associated with dysregulated…

BACKGROUND: Older adults (aged ≥70 years) are at increased risk of severe disease and death if they develop COVID-19 and are therefore a priority for immunisation should an efficacious vaccine…

Introduction: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and immunity remains uncertain in populations. The state of Texas ranks 2nd in infection with over 2.71 million cases and has…

Background: Developing an understanding of the antibody response, seroprevalence, and seroconversion from natural infection and vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 will give way to a critical epidemiological tool to predict reinfection rates,…

BACKGROUND: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has led to the development of various vaccines. Real-life data on immune responses elicited in the most vulnerable group of…

The recent SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has been declared a global health emergency. It will take years to vaccinate the whole population to protect them from this deadly virus, hence the management…

On 26 November 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) classified variant B.1.1.529, reported earlier by the South African authorities as “Variant of Concern” with the name Omicron. The decision was…

With COVID-19 widespread worldwide, people are still struggling to develop faster and more accurate diagnostic methods. Here we demonstrated the label-free detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by employing a SARS-CoV-2…

The lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) has played a crucial role in early diagnosis during the current COVID-19 pandemic owing to its simplicity, speed and affordability for coronavirus antibody detection. However,…

The lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) has played a crucial role in early diagnosis during the current COVID-19 pandemic owing to its simplicity, speed and affordability for coronavirus antibody detection. However,…

Severely ill COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease of 2019) patients have a hyperinflammatory condition with a high concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines termed the cytokine storm. This milieu is reported to cause…

With COVID-19 widespread worldwide, people are still struggling to develop faster and more accurate diagnostic methods. Here we demonstrated the label-free detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by employing a SARS-CoV-2…

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review is to address our current understanding of the pathophysiology of neurologic injury resulting from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) infection…

On 26 November 2021, WHO designated the variant B.1.1.529 a variant of concern (VOC), on the basis of advice from WHO’s Technical Advisory Group on Virus Evolution. The variant has…

On 26 November 2021, WHO designated the variant B.1.1.529 a variant of concern (VOC), on the basis of advice from WHO’s Technical Advisory Group on Virus Evolution. The variant has…

Abstract This article reports on the results of the initial stage of the study, which describes the diagnostic value of such indicators as D-dimer, IL-6, C-reactive protein, and ferritin in…

Abstract This article reports on the results of the initial stage of the study, which describes the diagnostic value of such indicators as D-dimer, IL-6, C-reactive protein, and ferritin in…

OBJECTIVE: B cell depletion is an established therapeutic principle in a wide range of autoimmune diseases. However, B cells are also critical for inducing protective immunity after infection and vaccination.…

Individuals with potential exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) do not necessarily develop PCR or antibody positivity, suggesting that some individuals may clear subclinical infection before seroconversion.…

Uremia affects all parts of the immune system. Since hemodialysis patients travel to the dialysis center three times per week and are surrounded by many other patients and staffs, these…

This review describes the underlying basis for the sup-optimal humoral immune response in coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 including the absence of evidence for affinity maturation in the vast majority of patients…

Humoral immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during acute infection and convalescence has been widely studied since March 2020. In this review, the authors summarize literature on…

In 2019, an emerging coronavirus, SARS-COV-2, was first identified. In the months since, SARS-CoV-2 has become a global pandemic of unimaginable scale. In 2021, SARS-CoV-2 continues to be a huge…

Current vaccines, which induce a B-cell-mediated antibody response against the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, have markedly reduced infection rates. However, the emergence of new variants as a result of SARS-CoV-2…

Antibodies can provide antiviral protection through neutralization and recruitment of innate effector functions through the Fc domain. While neutralization has long been appreciated for its role in antibody-mediated protection, a…

Importance: Vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to protect against coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is recommended for patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). However, approximately 80% of…

An orally active vaccine capable of boosting SARS-CoV-2 immune responses in previously infected or vaccinated individuals would help efforts to achieve and sustain herd immunity. Unlike mRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles and…

Importance: The immune response in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection is not well understood. Objective: To compare seroconversion in children and adults with non-hospitalized (mild) SARS-CoV-2 infection and to understand the…

The strong humoral immune response produced against the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) proteins has underpinned serological testing but the prevalence of antibody responses to other SARS-CoV-2 proteins, which…

Spike-specific antibodies are central to effective COVID19 immunity. Research efforts have focused on antibodies that neutralize the ACE2-Spike interaction but not on non-neutralizing antibodies. Antibody-dependent phagocytosis is an immune mechanism…

While pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids represent a promising approach for the study of renal disease, renal physiology and drug screening, the proximal nephron remains immature with limited evidence for…

Spike-specific antibodies are central to effective COVID19 immunity. Research efforts have focused on antibodies that neutralize the ACE2-Spike interaction but not on non-neutralizing antibodies. Antibody-dependent phagocytosis is an immune mechanism…

As the world is racing to develop perpetual immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The emergence of new viral strains, together with vaccination and reinfections, are all contributing to a long-term…

Protection offered by COVID-19 vaccines wanes over time, requiring an evaluation of different boosting strategies to revert such a trend and enhance the quantity and quality of Spike-specific humoral and…

Protection offered by COVID-19 vaccines wanes over time, requiring an evaluation of different boosting strategies to revert such a trend and enhance the quantity and quality of Spike-specific humoral and…

Protection offered by COVID-19 vaccines wanes over time, requiring an evaluation of different boosting strategies to revert such a trend and enhance the quantity and quality of Spike-specific humoral and…

ObjectiveTo evaluate the immune response to COVID-19 mRNA-based vaccines present in breastmilk and the transfer of the immune response to the breastfeeding child.

MethodsA prospective cohort study enrolled 30 lactating…

The human host immune system wards off attacks by enemies such as viruses by mounting an inflammatory response which may sometimes injure self-tissues. Dysfunctional immune/inflammatory response by the host may…

Understanding the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is critical to overcome the current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Efforts are being made to understand the potential cross-protective…

BackgroundWhile Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) vaccines are highly effective, breakthrough infections are occurring. Booster vaccinations have recently received emergency use authorization (EUA) for certain populations but are restricted to homologous…

Background: Humoral responses to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines in hemodialysis (HD) patients can direct vaccination policy. Methods: We compared 409 COVID-19-naïve HD patients from 13 HD units in Israel…

BackgroundInformation concerning the longevity of immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) following natural infection may have considerable implications for durability of immunity induced by vaccines. Here, we…

SARS-COV-2 predominantly results in a respiratory illness. However, it has also been associated with a wide range of neurological disorders including a broad range of immune neuropathies. These immune neuropathies…

Immunity to pulmonary infection typically requires elicitation of lung-resident T cells that subsequently confer protection against secondary infection. The presence of tissue-resident T cells in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus…

SARS-CoV-2 infections elicit a humoral immune response capable of neutralising the virus. However, multiple variants have emerged with mutations in the spike protein amongst others, the key target of neutralising…

SARS-CoV2 infection induces various degrees of infections ranging from asymptomatic to severe cases and death. Virus/host interplay contributes substantially to these outcomes. This highlights the potential roles of the host…

BACKGROUND: Knowledge on immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) and the impact of disease-modifying treatment (DMT) is limited. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate degree, duration and potential predictors…

Introduction There is an urgent need to check the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination among hemodialyzed (HD) patients known to have extensive disturbances of acquired immunity and a catastrophic risk of…

Age is the major risk factor for mortality after SARS-CoV-2 infection and older people have received priority consideration for COVID-19 vaccination. However vaccine responses are often suboptimal in this age…

Measuring the antibody response to 2019 SARS CoV2 is critical for diagnostic purposes, for monitoring the prevalence of infection, and for gauging the efficacy of the worldwide vaccination effort for…

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 is a global pandemic leading to high death tolls worldwide day by day. Clinical evidence suggests that COVID-19 patients can be classified as non-severe, severe, and critical cases.…

The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV2, which causes COVID-19, has resulted in the death of nearly 4 million people within the last 18 months. While preventive vaccination and monoclonal antibody therapies have…

The pandemic attributable to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has greatly changed life in most countries of the world for more than 1.5 years now. The spread could…

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a serious infectious disease that has led to a global pandemic with high morbidity…

Both innate immunity and acquired immunity are involved in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The induction of Abs that neutralize the virus has been described, and certain Abs…

COVID-19 patients produce circulating and mucosal antibodies. In adults, specific saliva antibodies have been detected. Nonetheless, seroprevalence is routinely investigated, while little attention has been paid to mucosal antibodies. We…

Soon after the beginning of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) pandemic in December, 2019, numerous research teams, assisted by vast capital investments, achieved vaccine development in a…

Infection with SARS-CoV-2 frequently commences in the nasal cavity, yet knowledge about this initial virus-host interaction is sparse. In this review, we update our current understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection via…

Optimal immune responses furnish long-lasting (durable) antibodies protective across dynamically mutating viral variants (broad). To assess robustness of immunity induced by mRNA vaccination, we compared durability and breadth after SARS-CoV-2…

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus 2 (CoV2)/COVID-19 pandemic has reminded us of the fundamental and nonredundant role played by the innate and adaptive immune systems in…

Background: Immune system conditions of the patient is a key factor in COVID-19 infection survival. A growing number of studies have focused on immunological determinants to develop better biomarkers for…

The efficacy of Covid-19 vaccine in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients is still unknown. We planned a prospective study to evaluate the immune response after the administration of Covid-19…

ObjectivePatients with malignancy suffer from a compromised immune system due to either the effects of malignancies or treatments. Cancer patients are at higher risk of different infections particularly SARS-CoV2 and…

mRNA-based vaccines effectively induce protective neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19. Yet, the kinetics and compositional patterns of vaccine-induced antibody responses to the original strain and emerging…

The primary target organ of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection is the respiratory tract. Currently, there is limited information on the ability of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)…

Knowledge about development and duration of virus-specific antibodies after COVID-19 vaccination is important for understanding how to limit the pandemic via vaccination in different populations and societies. However, the clinical…

In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a global health emergency-the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Since then, the development and implementation of vaccines against the virus amidst…

BACKGROUND: There is limited understanding of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis in African populations with a high burden of infectious disease comorbidities such as HIV. The kinetics, magnitude and duration of virus-specific antibodies…

BACKGROUND: There is insufficient data on the longevity of immunity acquired after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. METHODS: We aimed to evaluate the duration of SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral…

Different dietary nutrients have distinct effects, including enhancing immune response activity and supporting mucous membrane integrity. These effects are critical in fighting against pathogenic agents, which cover coronavirus disease 2019…

BACKGROUND: Estimating population prevalence and incidence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection is essential to formulate public health recommendations concerning the COVID-19 pandemic. However, interpreting estimates based on sero-surveillance requires an understanding…

Introduction: Close contacts of individuals with COVID-19 may directly gain immunity against SARS-CoV-2 despite lacking a detectable infection. This study examined SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies levels based on gender, age, and exposure…

OBJECTIVE: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is characterized by high contagiousness, as well as variable clinical manifestations and immune responses. The antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 is directly…

Monoclonal antibodies show efficacy in treating COVID-19, but the functional requirements for protection are unclear. In this issue of Immunity, Ullah et al. (2021) develop a stable SARS-CoV-2 reporter virus…

Approximately half of the SARS-CoV-2 infections occur without apparent symptoms, raising questions regarding long-term humoral immunity in asymptomatic individuals. Plasma levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and M (IgM) against the…

OBJECTIVE: There is an urgent need to assess the impact of immunosuppressive therapies on the immunogenicity and efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. METHODS: Serological and T-cell ELISpot assays were used to…

Adaptive immune responses play critical roles in viral clearance and protection against re-infection, and SARS-CoV-2 is no exception. What is exceptional is the rapid characterization of the immune response to…

We describe severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific immune responses in a patient with lymphoma and recent programmed death 1 (PD-1) inhibitor therapy with late onset of severe coronavirus…

Background: Some studies have shown an attenuated immune response in haemodialysis patients after vaccination. The present study examines the humoral response after mRNA vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus…

We sought to discover links between antibody responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and patient clinical variables, cytokine profiles, and antibodies to endemic coronaviruses. Serum samples from…

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: Patients with kidney failure who are receiving maintenance dialysis have a higher risk of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and worse clinical outcomes…

As one of the most important weapons against infectious diseases, vaccines have saved countless lives since their first use in the late eighteenth century. Antibodies produced by effector B cells…

Ongoing observational clinical research has prioritized understanding the human immune response to SARS-CoV-2 during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Several recent studies suggest that immune dysregulation with early and…

Rapid and specific antibody testing is crucial for improved understanding, control, and treatment of COVID-19 pathogenesis. Herein, we describe and apply a rapid, sensitive, and accurate virus neutralization assay for…

Sera were collected from 185 adults aged ≥ 70 years in London to evaluate the immune response to COVID-19 vaccines. A single dose of Pfizer/BioNtech vaccine resulted in > 94%…

Since December 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread throughout the world. To eradicate it, it is crucial to…

BACKGROUND: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, antibody screening is a critical tool to assess anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immunity. We examined variation in antibody titers…

Specific antibodies are produced after infection by SARS-CoV2. Currently, the understanding of antibody responses following infection with SARS-CoV-2 is limited including the magnitude, duration of responses and correlates of protective…

In this study, we aimed to investigate the anti-S1 IgG response that occurs after inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine and the factors affecting this response in healthcare…

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused a global pandemic since its outbreak in 2019, presenting serious threats to…

The impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) still continues. The duration of the immune response in individuals recovering from COVID-19…

INTRODUCTION: As the world has witnessed three severe coronavirus outbreaks in the past two decades, including the recent pandemic COVID19, caused by SARS-CoV2, it has become of utmost importance to…

INTRODUCTION: Elderly residents of nursing homes (NHs) and long-term care units (LTCUs) have been shown to have a high risk of mortality and morbidity in cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The…

Breakthrough infection of SARS-CoV-2 is a serious challenge, as increased infections were documented in fully-vaccinated individuals. Recipients with poor antibody response are highly vulnerable to reinfection, whereas those with strong…

Vaccination induces the development of long-lasting immunity necessary for a sustained and essential protective antibody response. Understanding how long the humoral immune response induced by the severe acute respiratory syndrome…

OBJECTIVES: Understanding immune response is critical for control of COVID-19 pandemic. However, recent studies show that vaccine-induced humoral immunity may not be long-lasting and weaker in SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.…

For limiting the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the effects on both humoral and cellular immune responses due to vaccines and previous infection should be taken into consideration. In some of…

For limiting the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the effects on both humoral and cellular immune responses due to vaccines and previous infection should be taken into consideration. In some of…

CONTEXT: CLL and indolent NHL are hematologic malignancies that typically result in immune dysfunction. Infection represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients. Patients with CLL and…

This study aimed to report the dynamic profile of IgG-specific antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 infection for 6 months after infection. We conducted a prospective study, recruited 33 recently confirmed covid -19…